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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Nephrotic Syndrome III : Nursing Management01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome III : Nursing Management

549
Nursing management for nephrotic syndrome adapts as the disease progresses, with strategies evolving to address advancing symptoms and complications.Early-Stage Management In the early stages, nursing interventions for nephrotic syndrome resemble those used in managing acute glomerulonephritis, focusing on symptom monitoring, fluid balance, and managing mild to moderate edema.Vital Signs: Regularly monitor blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, and temperature to promptly identify...
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Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management01:26

Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management

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IntroductionNephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder marked by excessive protein loss in the urine, leading to various systemic complications. This condition often results from damage to the glomeruli—the kidney's filtering units—causing proteinuria, low blood protein levels, and fluid retention. Understanding the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome is essential for effective treatment and prevention of further kidney damage.AssessmentPatient History: Document...
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Author Spotlight: Ex Vivo OCT-Based Multimodal Imaging of Human Donor Eyes for Research into Age-Related Macular Degeneration
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Diabetic macular edema: Current management 2013.

J Fernando Arevalo1

  • 1J Fernando Arevalo, Retina Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.

World Journal of Diabetes
|January 1, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) causes vision loss, with diabetic macular edema (DME) being a frequent complication. Recent treatments like anti-VEGF agents show promise for managing DME effectively.

Keywords:
Diabetic macular edemaDiabetic retinopathyEnzymatic vitrectomy (vitreolysis)Focal/grid laserIntravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factorIntravitreal corticosteroidsNew therapies

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetology

Background:

  • Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss in working-age adults.
  • Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most common cause of diabetes-related vision loss, affecting significant percentages of type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients.
  • Obesity and sedentary lifestyles are strongly linked to type 2 diabetes and increased DME incidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the classification of diabetic retinopathy.
  • To discuss current and emerging treatment options for diabetic macular edema.
  • To highlight advancements in DME management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on DR classification and DME treatments.
  • Analysis of recent randomized clinical trials comparing treatment modalities.
  • Discussion of intravitreal corticosteroids, anti-VEGF agents, combined therapies, enzymatic vitrectomy, and novel approaches.

Main Results:

  • Intravitreal anti-VEGF agents, such as ranibizumab, have demonstrated improved effectiveness compared to traditional focal/grid laser therapy for DME.
  • Intravitreal corticosteroids are also established treatment options for DME.
  • Emerging therapies and combined treatment strategies are expanding the management landscape for DME.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of DME is crucial to prevent vision loss in diabetic patients.
  • Recent therapeutic advancements, particularly anti-VEGF agents, have significantly improved DME treatment outcomes.
  • A comprehensive understanding of DR classification and diverse treatment options is essential for optimal patient care.