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Related Concept Videos

The Availability Heuristic01:08

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A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections01:21

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Calculating drug dosage and accumulation in multiple-dose regimens is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy while avoiding toxicity. This involves determining the plasma drug concentrations over time to optimize dosing schedules. The principle of superposition is fundamental in this process, allowing for the prediction of drug concentration in plasma following multiple doses based on single-dose data.The principle of superposition asserts that the plasma concentration-time curves from...
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Serial Position Effect01:03

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The serial position effect is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items in a list compared to those in the middle. This effect is divided into the primacy effect and the recency effect. The primacy effect is observed when the initial items in a list are remembered better. This occurs because these items are rehearsed more frequently or receive more elaborative processing, allowing them to be encoded into long-term memory more effectively. For...
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Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients01:14

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The distribution law or Nernst's distribution law is the law that governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law, also known as the partition law, states that if a solute is added to the mixture of two immiscible solvents at a constant temperature, the solute is distributed between the two solvents in such a way that the ratio of solute concentrations in the solvents remains constant at equilibrium.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

A Simple Fractionated Extraction Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolites, Lipids, and Proteins from a Single Sample
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The fallacy of serial extractions.

K Paul Lee

    Australian Orthodontic Journal
    |January 2, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Lingually positioned lower incisors in children are normal, not crowding. Early extraction of primary canines hinders jaw growth and causes permanent canine crowding, challenging standard orthodontic practices.

    Area of Science:

    • Pediatric Dentistry
    • Orthodontics
    • Craniofacial Growth

    Background:

    • Lingual positioning of lower incisors in children is often misdiagnosed as crowding.
    • Primary canines play a crucial role in alveolar arch development through proprioception.

    Observation:

    • Primary canines with intact periodontal attachments act as proprioceptors, stimulating alveolar arch growth.
    • Extraction of primary cuspids removes essential growth stimuli for the alveolus.

    Findings:

    • Serial extraction is counter-productive, leading to crowding of permanent cuspids rather than correcting incisor crowding.
    • The belief that serial extraction corrects lower incisor crowding lacks evidence and can worsen the issue.

    Implications:

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    • Avoid unnecessary extraction of primary teeth to prevent iatrogenic orthodontic problems.
    • Rethink the evidence base for serial extraction in pediatric dental care to prioritize 'first, do no harm'.