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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Staged miRNA re-regulation patterns during reprogramming.

Christine M Henzler, Zhonghan Li, Jason Dang

    Genome Biology
    |January 2, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    MicroRNAs (miRNAs) undergo a significant profile reset during induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming. Early downregulation of Dlk1-Dio3 miRNAs enhances reprogramming efficiency, while later changes involve fewer miRNAs with greater magnitude.

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    RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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    In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
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    Area of Science:

    • Stem cell biology
    • Epigenetics
    • Molecular biology

    Background:

    • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators of gene expression, often participating in feedback loops with transcription factors.
    • While miRNAs are known to be critical in transcription factor-induced cell reprogramming, detailed deep sequencing analyses of miRNA expression changes during this process have been lacking.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To comprehensively analyze miRNA expression dynamics during induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation from mouse fibroblasts using deep sequencing.
    • To investigate the role of specific miRNA clusters, such as Dlk1-Dio3, in the reprogramming process.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized four-factor reprogramming to generate iPSCs from mouse fibroblasts.
    • Employed fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate intermediate and iPSC populations.
    • Performed deep sequencing of small RNAs from various reprogramming stages, including partial and complete iPSC lines, and mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs).

    Main Results:

    • Observed a comprehensive resetting of the miRNA profile during reprogramming.
    • Identified limited co-expression patterns among changing miRNAs.
    • Found that miRNAs from the Dlk1-Dio3 region exhibited small but significant fold changes early in reprogramming.
    • Demonstrated that overexpression of Dlk1-Dio3 miRNAs early in reprogramming reduced efficiency, suggesting their downregulation is important.
    • Noted that later reprogramming stages involved fewer miRNAs with larger expression changes.

    Conclusions:

    • The broad miRNA profile reset during reprogramming is characterized by numerous small expression changes early on and fewer, larger changes later.
    • This miRNA expression dynamic shift aligns with a transition from stochastic to deterministic cellular reprogramming signals.