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Related Concept Videos

Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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Complexation reactions take place when dative or coordinate covalent bonds form between metal ions and ligands. The compounds formed in these reactions are called coordination compounds. The number of bonds formed between the metal ion and the ligands is called its coordination number. Generally, most metal ions in an aqueous solution are solvated by water molecules and thus exist as aqua complexes.
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Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Metal-Ligand Bonds

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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Anion encapsulation and dynamics in self-assembled coordination cages.

Radu Custelcean1

  • 1Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA. custelceanr@ornl.gov.

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|January 4, 2014
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Summary

Cationic coordination cages effectively capture anions, with this review detailing their assembly, anion exchange, and dynamic structural changes. This research explores the chemistry and transformations involved in anion encapsulation by these cages.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Coordination Chemistry

Background:

  • Cationic coordination cages are increasingly recognized for their potential as anion receptors.
  • Understanding anion encapsulation is crucial for developing advanced molecular recognition systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anion encapsulation chemistry of cationic coordination cages.
  • To emphasize the dynamic aspects of cage assembly, anion exchange, and structural transformations.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of anion-encapsulating coordination cages based on M(x)L(y) stoichiometry (M = metal cation; L = organic ligand).
  • Analysis of dynamic processes including kinetics, mechanisms of anion binding/release/exchange, and structural evolution of coordination complexes.

Main Results:

  • Detailed examples of various anion-encapsulating coordination cages are presented.
  • The review covers the kinetics and mechanisms governing anion binding, release, and exchange within these cages.
  • Anion-induced structural transformations and the dynamic behavior of coordination complexes are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Cationic coordination cages offer versatile platforms for anion recognition and encapsulation.
  • The dynamic nature of these cages is key to their function in anion binding, exchange, and structural adaptation.