Androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Molecular Biology
• Endocrinology

Background:

• The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-induced transcription factor crucial for prostate cancer development and progression.
• AR regulates key cellular processes including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and differentiation.
• AR expression is influenced by hormones and interacts bidirectionally with microRNAs (miRNAs).

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the multifaceted roles of the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cancer.
• To explore AR regulation, mutations, and interactions with miRNAs and coactivators.
• To discuss current and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting the AR pathway.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on androgen receptor function, regulation, and therapeutic targeting in prostate cancer.
• Analysis of AR interactions with hormones, miRNAs, and coactivators.
• Examination of AR mutations and their clinical implications.

Main Results:

• AR is central to prostate cancer, with its expression and activity modulated by hormones, peptides, and miRNAs.
• AR mutations and coactivator expression influence treatment response and disease progression.
• Novel therapies targeting AR signaling, including intracrine androgen synthesis and nuclear translocation, are emerging.

Conclusions:

• The androgen receptor (AR) is a critical therapeutic target in prostate cancer.
• Understanding the complex regulatory network of AR, including its interactions with miRNAs and coactivators, is vital for advancing treatment strategies.
• Emerging therapies offer new hope for managing advanced prostate cancer by directly interfering with AR signaling pathways.