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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Related Experiment Video

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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
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Reprogramming to pluripotency through a somatic stem cell intermediate.

Adele G Marthaler1, Ulf Tiemann1, Marcos J Araúzo-Bravo1

  • 1Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.

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|January 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using Oct4 and Klf4. These iPSCs effectively erase donor cell memory, demonstrating successful cell fate redirection.

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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Stem cell research

Background:

  • Transcription factor-based reprogramming enables cell fate switching.
  • Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) can be reprogrammed into induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) using specific transcription factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) can be further reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • To characterize the pluripotency and epigenetic memory of iNSC-derived iPSCs (iNdiPSCs).

Main Methods:

  • Forced expression of Oct4 and Klf4 in iNSCs.
  • Immunocytochemistry and gene expression analysis.
  • In vitro and in vivo differentiation assays.
  • Global gene expression profiling.

Main Results:

  • Oct4 and Klf4 were sufficient to reprogram iNSCs into iPSCs (iNdiPSCs).
  • iNdiPSCs molecularly resemble embryonic stem cells and exhibit pluripotency.
  • iNdiPSCs differentiate into all three germ layers.
  • iNdiPSCs lack donor cell transcriptional memory, unlike iNSCs.

Conclusions:

  • Induced neural stem cells can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state.
  • Cell fate can be repeatedly redirected through reprogramming.
  • The induced pluripotent state efficiently erases epigenetic memory from the donor cell type.