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Related Concept Videos

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Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
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Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

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Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Quantification of Proliferating Human Antigen-specific CD4+ T Cells using Carboxyfluorescein Succinimidyl Ester
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A mathematical perspective on CD4(+) T cell quorum-sensing.

Joseph Reynolds1, Inês F Amado2, Antonio A Freitas3

  • 1Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.

Journal of Theoretical Biology
|January 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This study models regulatory T cell populations using a quorum-sensing mechanism. Mathematical analysis reveals antigen presence increases regulatory T cell numbers, but immune challenges can lead to population extinction.

Keywords:
ExtinctionIL-2Quorum-sensingRegulatory T cellsStochastic Markov process

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Mathematical Biology
  • Computational Immunology

Background:

  • Peripheral CD4(+) T cell populations are crucial for immune homeostasis.
  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain self-tolerance and prevent autoimmunity.
  • Quorum-sensing mechanisms are known to regulate bacterial populations and are being explored in cellular systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze a mathematical model of peripheral CD4(+) T cell populations.
  • To investigate the role of quorum sensing in establishing and maintaining optimal regulatory T cell numbers.
  • To explore T cell population dynamics in the presence and absence of antigen and during immune challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a stochastic Markov model for CD4(+) T cell populations.
  • Division of T cells into naive, IL-2 producing, IL-2 non-producing, and regulatory pools.
  • Analysis of population dynamics using steady-state analysis of deterministic approximations and stochastic simulations.

Main Results:

  • The model predicts a higher steady-state number of regulatory T cells in the presence of specific antigen compared to its absence.
  • Antigen presence influences the establishment and return to homeostasis of the CD4(+) T cell pool.
  • Stochastic dynamics reveal potential extinction of IL-2 producing and regulatory T cell populations after immune challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Quorum sensing provides a mechanism for regulating regulatory T cell populations.
  • Antigen availability significantly impacts Treg homeostasis.
  • Immune challenges can destabilize T cell populations, leading to potential loss of regulatory function.