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Updated: May 4, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

Giant cell arteritis.

Satoshi Jodo¹, Ryo Hisada

¹Internal medicine, Tomakomai City Hospital.

Nihon Rinsho Men'Eki Gakkai Kaishi = Japanese Journal of Clinical Immunology

|January 7, 2014

Summary

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) presents with diverse symptoms beyond typical headache. Recognizing atypical forms like occult and silent GCA is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management in older adults.

Area of Science:

Rheumatology
Vascular Medicine
Internal Medicine

Background:

Giant cell arteritis (GCA), also known as temporal arteritis, is a granulomatous inflammation primarily affecting medium and large arteries.
It predominantly occurs in individuals over 50 years of age, often involving the aorta and its branches, not exclusively the temporal artery.

Observation:

GCA exhibits a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, which can deviate from classical symptoms like headache and temporal artery tenderness.
Atypical GCA subtypes include 'occult GCA' with organ dysfunction (e.g., visual loss, neuropathy) and minimal classical signs, and 'silent GCA' presenting with systemic inflammation but lacking focal ischemic symptoms.

Findings:

The article systematically reviews the clinical manifestations of GCA, highlighting its heterogeneity.

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Two case studies illustrate atypical presentations: one diagnosed as occult GCA and another as silent GCA with large vessel involvement.

Implications:

Understanding the diverse clinical spectrum of GCA is essential for timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
This review emphasizes the need to consider GCA even in the absence of typical symptoms, particularly in elderly patients with unexplained organ dysfunction or systemic inflammation.