Enhancing spontaneous emission rates of molecules using nanopatterned multilayer hyperbolic metamaterials

Plasmonic nanostructures have been extensively used to manipulate the spontaneous light emission rate of molecules and their radiative efficiency. Because molecules near a metallic surface experience a different environment than in free space, their spontaneous radiative emission rate is generally enhanced. Such enhancement, measured by means of the Purcell factor, arises as a consequence of the overlap between the surface plasmon mode frequency and the emission spectrum of the molecule. However, such overlap is available only for a few narrow bands of frequency due to the limited plasmonic materials existing in nature. Although this limitation can be overcome by using hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs)—a type of nanoscale artificial material with hyperbolic dispersion relations—the Purcell factor and the radiative power have remained relatively low. Here, we show that by nanopatterning a hyperbolic metamaterial made of Ag and Si multilayers, the spontaneous emission rate of rhodamine dye molecules is enhanced 76-fold at tunable frequencies and the emission intensity of the dye increases by ~80-fold compared with the same hyperbolic metamaterial without nanostructuring. We explain these results using a dynamic Lorentzian model in the time domain.