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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Published on: August 15, 2010

Active versus passive maintenance of visual nonverbal memory.

Denis McKeown¹, Jessica Holt, Jean-Francois Delvenne

¹Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK, d.mckeown@leeds.ac.uk.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

|January 7, 2014

Summary

Short-term memory forgetting is challenging. A recent-negative-probe task revealed that unattended visual memories from prior trials persist, unlike actively maintained memories which decay.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Memory Research

Background:

Short-term memory forgetting has been a long-standing research challenge.
Controlling memory retention intervals is difficult.
The recent-negative-probe procedure offers a way to study unattended memory influences.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate forgetting in visual nonverbal short-term memory.
To examine the role of proactive interference from prior trials.
To test the active-passive memory model (APM).

Main Methods:

Utilized a recent-probe task with visual abstract shapes.
Participants judged if a probe matched a target item.
Varied interstimulus (ISI) and intertrial (ITI) intervals (1-6s).

Main Results:

Proactive interference was observed: participants were slowed by probes matching previous trials.
This interference suggests memory for prior probes, even if unattended.
Actively maintained memories decayed, but unattended memories did not.

Conclusions:

The findings support the active-passive memory model.
Unattended visual memories show remarkable persistence.
This challenges traditional views of short-term memory decay.