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Body composition in MesoAmerica.

N W Solomons1, M Mazariegos

  • 1Centre for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism (CeSSMM), the research branch of the National Committee for the Blind and Deaf of Guatemala, Hospital de Ojos y Oidos 'Dr Rodolfo Robles V', Diagonal 21 y 19 Calle, Zona 11, Guatemala City, 01011, Guatemala.

Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mesoamerican populations exhibit short stature due to early growth loss and environmental factors. Further research is needed to establish appropriate body composition reference standards for this unique demographic.

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Area of Science:

  • Anthropology
  • Human Biology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Mesoamerican populations are characterized by short stature, with adult heights averaging 160 cm for men and 140 cm for women.
  • Significant growth loss (up to 2 Z-scores) occurs within the first two years of life, and elderly individuals experience further stature reduction.
  • Environmental factors, including agricultural demands, diet, infection, and parasitism, significantly influence body composition, leading to low fat storage and lean body mass fluctuations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the body composition and anthropometric characteristics of Mesoamerican populations.
  • To evaluate the applicability of existing reference standards (e.g., NCHS) for Mesoamerican populations, considering their unique stature and body composition.
  • To explore advanced and accessible measurement techniques for assessing body composition in the region.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized anthropometric measurements including height, arm span, weight, microtoise, caliper, and flexible tape.
  • Reviewed existing data and discussed the potential application of technologies like dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).
  • Highlighted the pioneering use of multifrequency BIA in Guatemala for diverse age groups and physiological states (dehydration, kwashiorkor).

Main Results:

  • The height/armspan ratio in Mesoamericans appears lower than in Europeans, indicating potential differences in body proportions.
  • Questions arise regarding the proportionality of weight for height, suggesting Mesoamericans might be heavier for their height compared to North Americans.
  • Limited availability of international reference standards for adult stature in some Mesoamerican populations.

Conclusions:

  • Mesoamerican populations present a unique anthropometric profile necessitating region-specific reference standards.
  • Environmental determinants play a crucial role in shaping body composition, impacting the interpretation of standard growth metrics.
  • The study advocates for the use and adaptation of available technologies like BIA for accurate body composition assessment in Mesoamerica.