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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Antigen absorption: food, fire or fuel?

K R Kamath1

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Sydney, Australia.

Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
|January 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Breakdown in food tolerance can cause gastrointestinal issues. Early dietary antigen introduction and management are key for developing tolerance and preventing food-sensitive enteropathies in infants.

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • The gastrointestinal (GI) tract epithelium encounters numerous antigens.
  • Healthy individuals develop immune tolerance to small amounts of absorbed dietary antigens.
  • Breakdown in immune tolerance to food antigens can lead to food allergy, enteropathy, and intolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the mechanisms underlying food-sensitive enteropathy in infants.
  • To understand the interplay of environmental and host factors in the development of food tolerance.
  • To investigate how dietary antigen introduction influences GI immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on food antigen exposure and immune responses in the GI tract.
  • Analysis of factors influencing the development of tolerance versus enteropathy.

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  • Discussion of the role of genetic and environmental factors in infant GI immunology.

    • Main Results:

    • Subclinical food-sensitive enteropathy can sometimes resolve with continued antigen exposure, leading to tolerance.
    • Intermittent antigen exposure, involving substitution with a different antigen, can hinder tolerance development and exacerbate enteropathy.
    • While genetics influence atopy, the pathophysiology of food-sensitive enteropathy in non-atopic children involves complex environmental and host interactions.

    Conclusions:

    • The development of immune tolerance to food antigens is crucial for preventing GI diseases.
    • Environmental factors (e.g., breastfeeding) and host factors (gut epithelium integrity, immune responsiveness) are critical in infant food antigen tolerance.
    • Understanding these interactions is vital for managing transient infant disorders like food-sensitive enteropathy.