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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
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Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

A Model for Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Head and neck paragangliomas.

I M Werter1, C Rustemeijer

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Amstelland Hospital, Amstelveen, the Netherlands.

The Netherlands Journal of Medicine
|January 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGL) are rare tumors. Screening is vital for young patients, those with family history, or malignant HNPGL, with treatment tailored to individual needs.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGL) are uncommon, slow-growing neoplasms.
  • These tumors typically manifest as asymptomatic neck masses.
  • Genetic mutations are frequently implicated in HNPGL development.

Observation:

  • Screening for HNPGL is particularly important in specific patient groups, including the young, those with a positive family history, or individuals with malignant HNPGL.
  • Treatment decisions for HNPGL require a personalized approach, considering the patient's overall condition, potential complications, and therapeutic goals.
  • Given the low malignancy rate, observation is a viable management strategy for HNPGL.

Findings:

  • Surgery and radiotherapy offer comparable local control rates for HNPGL when intervention is pursued.
  • Surgery is considered the primary treatment for definitive HNPGL eradication, despite carrying significant risks of complications.

Implications:

  • Individualized treatment strategies are crucial for managing head and neck paragangliomas.
  • While surgery offers definitive eradication, its associated risks necessitate careful consideration.
  • Observation and radiotherapy are important alternatives or adjuncts in HNPGL management.