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The endemic treponematoses.

Lorenzo Giacani¹, Sheila A Lukehart

¹Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

|January 8, 2014

Summary

Human treponematoses, including syphilis, yaws, bejel, and pinta, are caused by related Treponema species. Global efforts, aided by azithromycin, aim for yaws eradication.

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
Public Health

Background:

Human treponematoses are caused by four closely related Treponema species.
These include Treponema pallidum subspecies (pallidum, pertenue, endemicum) and Treponema carateum.
These pathogens cause venereal syphilis, yaws, bejel, and pinta, respectively.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the agents of human treponematoses.
To discuss their similarities and purported differences in pathogenesis and transmission.
To highlight the global initiative for yaws eradication.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing data on Treponema species and associated diseases.
Analysis of pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and epidemiological features.

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Examination of public health strategies for disease control and eradication.

Main Results:

All human treponematoses share similarities in pathogenesis and clinical presentation due to agent relatedness.
Debated differences exist in age of acquisition, transmission, and invasiveness.
The World Health Organization set a goal for yaws eradication by 2020.

Conclusions:

Despite debated differences, the etiological agents of human treponematoses are highly related.
Mass treatment with azithromycin and focused distribution strategies support yaws eradication efforts.
Renewed global interest focuses on these diseases and their causative agents.