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Updated: May 4, 2026

Natural Killer NK and CAR-NK Cell Expansion Method using Membrane Bound-IL-21-Modified B Cell Line
Published on: February 8, 2022
Orbital and central nervous system extension of nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma
Antonio A V Cruz1, Fabiana C P Valera, Lucas Carenzi
1*School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; †King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Johns Hopkins University; ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, §Department of Pathology, and ‖Department of Radiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Background:
To describe a case series of nasal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL) with orbital and central nervous system extension.
Methods:
This is a retrospective study. The medical records of 9 patients with a diagnosis of NKTL were reviewed. All patients had a positive biopsy for CD3, CD56, T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen-1, and granzyme expression and CT imaging of nose, sinuses, orbits, and brain. Five patients were also examined with MRI.
Results:
Orbital extension occurred in 6 patients. All had extraocular muscle enlargement and 5 showed signs of perineural spread.
Conclusions:
NKTL is a polymorphous disease. Extraocular muscle involvement and perineural spread are overlooked features that explain dissemination of the tumor to both the orbit and the central nervous system.
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