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Related Concept Videos

Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. Several other animal species also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter, however, focuses on the human digestive system.
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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Therapeutic Evaluation of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in an Interleukin 10-Deficient Mouse Model
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Fecal microbiota transplantation: effectiveness, complexities, and lingering concerns.

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Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) shows promise for treating diseases by altering gut bacteria. However, its effects on the immune system are complex and unpredictable, driving research into safer alternatives.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • The mammalian colon harbors a complex gut microbiota crucial for health, including infection resistance, immune defense, vitamin synthesis, and nutrient absorption.
  • Colonic microbiota composition varies individually and influences intestinal and systemic inflammatory diseases.
  • Targeted manipulation of gut microbial populations is a key research area due to its therapeutic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in manipulating the intestinal microbiota.
  • To investigate the impact of FMT on host immune responses.
  • To highlight the potential for developing novel microbial therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and experimental studies on fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).
  • Analysis of the effects of microbial population transplantation on mucosal immunity.
  • Examination of the complexity and unpredictability of FMT's impact on the recipient immune system.

Main Results:

  • FMT has demonstrated significant clinical effectiveness, particularly for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.
  • Transplantation of microbial communities can elicit varied mucosal immune responses, ranging from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory.
  • The precise impact of FMT on the recipient's immune system remains complex and unpredictable.

Conclusions:

  • Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a powerful tool for modulating the gut microbiome with proven efficacy in certain conditions.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand and predict the immunological consequences of FMT.
  • The discovery of specific commensal microbes and their functions will likely lead to the development of more refined microbial therapies, potentially replacing FMT in the future.