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Toxicity of ionic liquids: eco(cyto)activity as complicated, but unavoidable parameter for task-specific

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Summary

Ionic liquids offer advanced applications but can be toxic. Their biological impact varies greatly, necessitating careful assessment based on specific biological systems and factors like alkyl chain length and ion nature.

Keywords:
biological activitycytotoxicityecological activityionic liquidssustainable technologies

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Ionic liquids (ILs) have enabled advancements in energy conversion, catalysis, and synthesis.
  • Despite their potential for green technologies, ILs often exhibit significant toxicity.
  • The biological activity of ILs is not uniform and depends heavily on the target system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biological activity and cytotoxicity of ionic liquids.
  • To highlight the context-dependent nature of IL toxicity.
  • To identify key structural factors influencing IL toxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies on ionic liquid biological activity.
  • Analysis of structure-activity relationships for ionic liquids.
  • Evaluation of factors modulating ionic liquid toxicity.

Main Results:

  • Biological activity and cytotoxicity of ionic liquids are highly dependent on the specific biological system.
  • An ionic liquid non-toxic to one organism may be highly toxic to another.
  • Toxicity is modulated by the alkyl chain length, cation functionalization, anion nature, cation nature, and ion pairing.

Conclusions:

  • Careful selection and assessment of biological activity data are crucial for evaluating chemical technologies involving ionic liquids.
  • Understanding the interplay between ionic liquid structure and biological response is essential for safe application.
  • Indirect effects and aftereffects of ionic liquids warrant consideration in toxicity assessments.