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Related Concept Videos

Microbial Biosensors01:17

Microbial Biosensors

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Microbial biosensors are analytical devices that utilize living microbes to detect specific substances through measurable signals. These devices consist of two main components: biosensing organisms and signal-transducing elements. Biosensing organisms, such as Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are typically housed in multiwell plates connected to transducers, enabling rapid, real-time detection of target analytes.Signal Generation MechanismWhen a target analyte—such as...
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Types of RNA01:23

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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RNA-seq03:21

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RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
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Translational Regulation01:29

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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In-situ Hybridization02:31

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In situ hybridization (ISH) is a technique used to detect and localize specific DNA or RNA molecules in cells, tissue, or tissue sections using a labeled probe. The technique was first used in 1969 for the investigation of nucleic acids. It is currently an essential tool in scientific research and clinical settings, especially for diagnostic purposes.
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RNA Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH to Visualize Microbial Colonization and Infection in Caenorhabditis elegans Intestines
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Sensing microbial RNA in the cytosol.

Nicolas Vabret1, J Magarian Blander2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA.

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|January 9, 2014
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Summary

The innate immune system distinguishes microbial RNA from self-RNA using cytosolic pattern recognition receptors. This review explores how microbes evade these crucial immune sensors.

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DExD/H-box helicasesRIG-I-like receptorsRNA helicasescytosolinnate immune escapepathogen-associated molecular patternspattern recognition receptors

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • The innate immune system must balance pathogen detection with autoimmunity prevention.
  • Cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect microbial components, distinguishing self from non-self.
  • Detecting foreign RNA in the cytosol presents a challenge due to similarities with host RNA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which innate immune sensors detect microbial RNA in the cytosol.
  • To discuss the interplay between cytosolic PRRs and microbial RNA.
  • To explore microbial strategies for evading cytosolic RNA sensing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on innate immunity, cytosolic PRRs, and microbial RNA.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms for microbial RNA entry into the cytosol.
  • Examination of PRR activation pathways by microbial RNA.
  • Investigation of microbial counter-strategies against RNA sensing.

Main Results:

  • Microbial RNAs are detected in the cytosol by specific PRRs.
  • Host immune cells employ sophisticated mechanisms to differentiate foreign from self-RNA.
  • Microorganisms have evolved diverse strategies to evade or antagonize cytosolic RNA sensing pathways.

Conclusions:

  • The detection of cytosolic microbial RNA is critical for effective innate immunity.
  • Understanding the PRR-microbe RNA interaction is key to controlling infections and inflammation.
  • Targeting microbial evasion strategies may offer new therapeutic avenues.