Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 4, 2026
MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
Published on: August 11, 2015
The time has come to stop rotations for the identification of structures in the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D₁₇)
Per Bech1, Claudio Csillag1, Lone Hellström1
1Psychiatric Research Unit, Frederiksborg General Hospital, Copenhagen University, Hillerød, Denmark.
Objective:
To use principal component analysis (PCA) to test the hypothesis that the items of the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D₁₇) have been selected to reflect depression disability, whereas some of the items are specific for sub-typing depression into typical vs. atypical depression.
Method:
Our previous study using exploratory factor analysis on HAM-D₁₇ has been re-analyzed with PCA and the results have been compared to a dataset from another randomized prospective study.
Results:
PCA showed that the first principal component was a general factor covering depression disability with factor loadings very similar to those obtained in the STAR*D study. The second principal component was a bi-directional factor contrasting typical vs. atypical depression symptoms. Varimax rotation gave no new insight into the factor structure of HAM-D₁₇.
Conclusion:
With scales like the HAM-D₁₇, it is very important to make a proper clinical interpretation of the PCA before attempting any form of exploratory factor analysis. For the HAM-D₁₇, our results indicate that profile scores are needed because the total score of all 17 items in the HAM-D₁₇ does not give sufficient information.
