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Related Concept Videos

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

22.5K
Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the...
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Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

6.7K
The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure
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Autism genes keep turning up chromatin.

Janine M Lasalle1

  • 1Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Genome Center, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA.

OA Autism
|January 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Autism-spectrum disorders (ASD) involve genetic factors affecting brain development. Novel research highlights nuclear chromatin proteins and DNA methylation

Area of Science:

  • Neurogenetics
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Autism-spectrum disorders (ASD) are complex genetic conditions impacting social interaction, language, and behavior.
  • Previous research focused on synaptic genes, but recent studies reveal novel candidate genes involved in nuclear processes.
  • The human genome's chromatin landscape influences mutation patterns and DNA methylation in neurodevelopment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of novel candidate genes in autism etiology.
  • To investigate the significance of nuclear chromatin proteins and DNA methylation in ASD.
  • To understand the interplay of genetic and environmental factors in the developing brain.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide analyses to identify novel candidate genes.
Keywords:
environmentepigeneticsepigenomicsgeneticsgenomicsmetabolismneurodevelopmentnutrition

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  • Examination of chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, and DNA methylation.
  • Investigating the influence of the chromatin landscape on de novo mutations.

    • Main Results:

    • Identification of numerous novel candidate genes encoding nuclear factors.
    • These genes are involved in chromatin remodeling, histone demethylation, histone variants, and DNA methylation recognition.
    • The chromatin landscape impacts mutation locations and DNA methylation patterns relevant to neurodevelopment.

    Conclusions:

    • Nuclear chromatin proteins and DNA are critical players in ASD etiology.
    • Understanding these interactions is key to uncovering the roots of autism.
    • Future research should focus on the interplay between nuclear factors, signaling pathways, and environmental influences.