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Objectively measured physical activity in four-year-old British children: a cross-sectional analysis of activity
Kathryn R Hesketh1, Alison M McMinn, Ulf Ekelund
1UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), Box 296, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. krh40@medschl.cam.ac.uk.
Insights
Preschoolers meet physical activity guidelines, but most active time is light. Activity levels vary by time of day and demographics, suggesting targeted interventions are needed.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Health
- Physical Activity Research
- Chronobiology
Background:
- Limited understanding of physical activity (PA) patterns in preschool-aged children throughout the day.
- Need to describe PA levels and temporal variations in a population-based sample of young children.
Purpose of the Study:
- To describe the levels and patterns of physical activity in 4-year-old British children using time-stamped accelerometry data.
- To investigate associations between activity levels and temporal and demographic factors.
Main Methods:
- Utilized accelerometry (Actiheart) for up to 7 days in 593 four-year-old children.
- Derived measures for sedentary time, light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA).
- Analyzed activity levels segmented across morning, afternoon, and evening using two-level random intercept models.
Main Results:
- Children averaged 67% active time daily, with 88% in LPA; all met UK guidelines (180 min/day).
- Significant differences emerged when activity was segmented: girls were less active in the morning; full-time childcare and weekend mornings were associated with lower activity.
- Activity patterns varied by season and maternal education, with evening activity higher in summer and lower for children of more educated mothers.
Conclusions:
- Preschoolers meet PA guidelines, but predominantly engage in LPA, necessitating research into activity intensity's importance.
- Activity levels exhibit significant daily and demographic variations, emphasizing the need for temporal considerations in interventions.
- Interventions could focus on increasing girls' morning activity and optimizing daytime activity opportunities during winter months.
Background:
Little is known about preschool-aged children's levels of physical activity (PA) over the course of the day. Using time-stamped data, we describe the levels and patterns of PA in a population-based sample of four-year-old British children.
Methods:
Within the Southampton Women's Survey the PA levels of 593 4-year-old children (51% female) were measured using (Actiheart) accelerometry for up to 7 days. Three outcome measures: minutes spent sedentary (<20 cpm); in light (LPA: ≥20-399 cpm) and in moderate-to-vigorous activity (MVPA: ≥400 cpm) were derived. Average daily activity levels were calculated and then segmented across the day (morning, afternoon and evening). MVPA was log-transformed. Two-level random intercept models were used to analyse associations between activity level and temporal and demographic factors.
Results:
Children were active for 67% (mean 568.5 SD 79.5 minutes) of their daily registered time on average, with 88% of active time spent in LPA. All children met current UK guidelines of 180 minutes of daily activity. There were no differences in children's average daily levels of sedentary activity and LPA by temporal and demographic factors: differences did emerge when activity was segmented across the day. Sex differences were largest in the morning, with girls being more sedentary, spending fewer minutes in LPA and 18% less time in MVPA than boys. Children were more sedentary and less active (LPA and MVPA) in the morning if they attended childcare full-time compared to part-time, and on weekend mornings compared to weekdays. The reverse was true for weekend afternoons and evenings. Children with more educated mothers were less active in the evenings. Children were less sedentary and did more MVPA on summer evenings compared to winter evenings.
Conclusions:
Preschool-aged children meet current physical activity guidelines, but with the majority of their active time spent in LPA, investigation of the importance of activity intensity in younger children is needed. Activity levels over the day differed by demographic and temporal factors, highlighting the need to consider temporality in future interventions. Increasing girls' morning activity and providing opportunities for daytime activity in winter months may be worthwhile.
