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Related Concept Videos

Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

4.1K
Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
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Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test01:23

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

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The Hinsberg test is a method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines, named after its pioneer, Oscar Hinsberg. Here, amines are treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, also known as the Hinsberg reagent, in the presence of an excess of aqueous base, followed by acidification. Based on the nature of the amines, different changes are observed.
Generally, a primary amine reacts with the Hinsberg reagent to produce an N-substituted benzenesulfonamide. The electron-withdrawing sulfonyl...
4.4K
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

6.9K
Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
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Amines to Alkenes: Cope Elimination01:14

Amines to Alkenes: Cope Elimination

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Cope elimination reaction involves the conversion of tertiary amines to alkene using hydrogen peroxide under thermal conditions, as depicted in figure 1.
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Amines: Introduction01:07

Amines: Introduction

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Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia. They are formed by replacing one or more ammonia protons with alkyl or aryl groups. Depending upon the number of organyl groups bonded to nitrogen, amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary amines have one organyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, while secondary and tertiary amines have two and three organyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, respectively.
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Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

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Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides
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Human copper-dependent amine oxidases.

Joel Finney1, Hee-Jung Moon1, Trey Ronnebaum1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
|January 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Copper amine oxidases (CAOs) and lysyl oxidase (LOX) enzymes are crucial in human health. Aberrant expression of these enzymes contributes to diseases, necessitating further research for therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
Copper amine oxidaseLysyl oxidaseQuinoprotein

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Enzymology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Copper amine oxidases (CAOs) are enzymes utilizing Cu(2+) and a tyrosine-derived quinone cofactor.
  • They catalyze primary amine to aldehyde conversion, producing hydrogen peroxide and ammonia.
  • CAO enzymes fall into two families: 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ)-dependent CAOs and the lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent lysyl oxidase (LOX) family.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent research on human CAOs and the LOX protein family.
  • To highlight the link between aberrant enzyme expression and various diseases.
  • To emphasize the need for molecular-level understanding for therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on human CAOs and LOX family proteins.
  • Analysis of recent developments in the field.
  • Discussion of disease associations and molecular functions.

Main Results:

  • Recent advancements in understanding human CAOs and LOX family proteins have been reviewed.
  • The aberrant expression of these enzymes is implicated in inflammation, fibrosis, and tumor metastasis/invasion.
  • A critical need exists to understand their molecular functions for disease intervention.

Conclusions:

  • Further research into human CAOs and LOX family proteins is essential.
  • Understanding these enzymes at a molecular level can lead to novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Targeting these enzymes holds promise for combating human diseases.