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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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Interview: Glycolipid Antigen Presentation by CD1d and the Therapeutic Potential of NKT cell Activation
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Licensing Adaptive Immunity by NOD-Like Receptors.

Dong Liu1, Anne Marie Rhebergen1, Stephanie C Eisenbarth1

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA.

Frontiers in Immunology
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Summary

NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are key innate immune sensors that shape adaptive immunity. This review explores evidence for and against NLRs orchestrating adaptive immune responses in various challenges.

Keywords:
NLRNLRP10NLRP3 inflammasomeTh2 responseasthmaautoimmunitydendritic cellvaccine response

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The innate immune system provides frontline defense and shapes adaptive immunity.
  • Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to influence adaptive immunity.
  • NOD-like receptors (NLRs) represent another PRR family with incompletely understood roles in immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence for and against NOD-like receptors (NLRs) orchestrating adaptive immune responses.
  • To elucidate the diverse functions of NLRs beyond canonical PRR activity.
  • To understand how NLRs regulate adaptive immunity during infectious and non-infectious challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on NLRs and adaptive immunity.
  • Analysis of studies investigating NLR activation and its downstream effects.
  • Synthesis of evidence supporting or refuting NLRs' role in adaptive immune modulation.

Main Results:

  • NLR activation can induce distinct innate immune responses compared to TLRs.
  • Evidence suggests NLRs can influence antigen presentation and T cell priming.
  • The precise mechanisms by which diverse NLRs regulate adaptive immunity are still under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • NLRs play a significant role in modulating adaptive immunity, though their functions are complex and varied.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the spectrum of NLR activities in orchestrating adaptive immune responses.
  • NLRs represent a critical link between innate sensing and adaptive immunity, with implications for various diseases.