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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism01:28

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism

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Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
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Microbial membranes exhibit remarkable diversity in lipid composition, reflecting evolutionary adaptations to various environmental conditions. The three domains of life—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya—synthesize membrane lipids through distinct biosynthetic pathways, leading to fundamental structural differences that impact membrane stability, function, and adaptability.Fatty Acid-Based Lipids in Bacteria and EukaryaBacteria and eukaryotes share a common fatty acid biosynthesis...
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Triglycerides are a form of long-term energy storage molecules. They are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process, called lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm. The resulting fatty acids are oxidized by β-oxidation into acetyl-CoA, which is used by the Krebs cycle. The glycerol that is released from triglycerides after lipolysis...
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Triglycerides serve as crucial long-term energy storage molecules in microorganisms, providing a dense source of metabolic energy. Their breakdown is mediated by lipases, which hydrolyze triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. Each of these components follows distinct metabolic pathways, ultimately contributing to ATP synthesis and cellular energy homeostasis.Glycerol MetabolismGlycerol, released from triglyceride hydrolysis, is phosphorylated by glycerol kinase to form...
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The microbial conversion of organic matter into biofuels holds potential as a renewable energy source. Among biofuel sources, microalgae are recognized as a highly efficient and adaptable feedstock for biodiesel production, owing to their rapid biomass accumulation, elevated lipid productivity, and capacity to proliferate in diverse aquatic systems, including freshwater, marine, and wastewater habitats. Unlike terrestrial crops, microalgae do not compete for land and can achieve significantly...
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Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (“water fearing”), or insoluble in water. Lipids perform many different functions in a cell. Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of fats. Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals. For example, they help keep aquatic...
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Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers
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Fatty acid synthesis by slices from developing leaves.

P Bolton1, J L Harwood

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University College, P.O.B. 78, CF1 1XL, Cardiff, U.K..

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|January 14, 2014
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fatty acid synthesis in grasses peaks in the middle leaf sections, with highest linolenic acid production in distal sections. Synthesis is inhibited by herbicides like EPTC.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biochemistry
  • Lipid Metabolism
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Fatty acid synthesis is crucial for plant development and function.
  • Understanding spatial variations in fatty acid synthesis within leaves is key to optimizing crop yields.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated the distribution of fatty acid synthesis and specific fatty acid production along the length of grass leaves.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spatial distribution of fatty acid synthesis in developing leaves of barley, maize, rye grass, and wheat.
  • To determine the primary sites of very long chain fatty acid and linolenic acid synthesis.
  • To examine the impact of environmental factors and herbicides on fatty acid biosynthesis in different leaf regions.

Main Methods:

  • Studied fatty acid synthesis in successive leaf sections from base to tip in four grass species using [1-(14)C]acetate.
  • Analyzed the fatty acid composition of individual lipids, particularly galactolipids and phosphatidylcholine in rye grass.
  • Investigated fatty acid synthesis in isolated chloroplasts from different rye grass leaf sections.
  • Assessed the effects of arsenite, fluoride, and EPTC on fatty acid synthesis.

Main Results:

  • Fatty acid synthesis rates were lowest in basal leaf sections and highest in the middle sections across all species.
  • Linolenic acid synthesis from [1-(14)C]acetate was most active in the distal leaf sections of rye grass, primarily within galactolipids.
  • Phosphatidylcholine in rye grass showed minimal incorporation of labeled linolenic acid, suggesting it's not a substrate for linoleic acid desaturation.
  • Herbicide EPTC specifically inhibited very long chain fatty acid synthesis in relevant leaf segments.
  • Chloroplasts from middle rye grass leaf sections exhibited the highest fatty acid synthesis activity, with palmitic and oleic acids as major products.

Conclusions:

  • Fatty acid synthesis and very long chain fatty acid accumulation exhibit distinct spatial patterns within grass leaves.
  • Galactolipids are the primary site for linolenic acid synthesis in rye grass, with distal leaf sections being the most active.
  • Phosphatidylcholine is unlikely to be a direct precursor for linoleic acid desaturation in rye grass.
  • The herbicide EPTC demonstrates selective inhibition of very long chain fatty acid synthesis.
  • Chloroplasts are a significant site for fatty acid synthesis, with activity varying along the leaf length.