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Ovarian Cycle01:27

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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Oogenesis,  the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
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Folliculogenesis is the development of ovarian follicles, the specialized structures within the ovarian cortex where oogenesis, or egg development, occurs. This process is essential for female reproductive health and begins during fetal development when primordial follicles are formed. Each primordial follicle comprises a primary oocyte in the center, surrounded by a single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells. These follicles remain dormant in late prophase I of meiosis until triggered by...
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Fertility Preservation in Patients with Severe Ovarian Dysfunction
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Autoimmune primary ovarian insufficiency.

C A Silva1, L Y S Yamakami2, N E Aikawa1

  • 1Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Department of Pediatric, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Autoimmunity Reviews
|January 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) involves antibodies attacking ovaries, often linked to adrenal issues. Treatment focuses on hormone replacement and infertility therapies like egg donation.

Keywords:
Anti-Müllerian hormoneAutoimmune oophoritisAutoimmune primary ovarian insufficiencyFertilityOvarian reservePremature ovarian failure

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Gynecology

Background:

  • Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) and diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) are distinct conditions affecting female fertility.
  • Autoimmune POI is characterized by specific autoantibodies and can be associated with adrenal or other autoimmune diseases.
  • Clinical manifestations of POI include amenorrhea, infertility, and menopausal symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate autoimmune POI from DOR.
  • To propose a novel classification system for autoimmune POI/DOR.
  • To review current treatment strategies for autoimmune oophoritis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on autoimmune POI and DOR.
  • Analysis of clinical characteristics, autoantibody profiles, and ovarian histology.
  • Proposal of a new classification criterion based on autoantibodies, autoimmune disease, and ovarian histology.

Main Results:

  • Autoimmune POI is frequently associated with adrenal autoimmunity (60-80% of cases).
  • The proposed classification categorizes autoimmune POI/DOR into possible, probable, and confirmed.
  • Current treatment guidelines for autoimmune oophoritis are lacking.

Conclusions:

  • Autoimmune oophoritis requires a structured classification system.
  • Hormone replacement and assisted reproductive technologies are key management strategies for POI.
  • Further research is needed to establish specific treatment guidelines for autoimmune oophoritis.