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ABC Transporters: Exporter01:31

ABC Transporters: Exporter

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ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporter is the largest superfamily of integral membrane proteins. The transporters have transmembrane-binding domains (TMDs) and nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). The TMDs are specific to their substrates, whereas the NBDs are similar to engines that complete ATP hydrolysis to complete the substrate transport. They can be full transporters consisting of two TMDs and NBDs, half transporters with one TMD and NBD, while some encoded with a single TMD or NBD are...
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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Author Spotlight: Identifying Compensatory Pathways in Malaria Parasites Containing Hypomorphic Allele of Essential Protein Kinases
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Protein export in malaria parasites: an update.

Brendan Elsworth1, Brendan S Crabb, Paul R Gilson

  • 1Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Vic., 3004, Australia; Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.

Cellular Microbiology
|January 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Plasmodium parasites remodel human red blood cells (RBCs) to survive. This review details the parasite export machinery and how exported proteins are recognized for virulence.

Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Symptomatic malaria results from Plasmodium parasite infection of human red blood cells (RBCs).
  • RBCs offer a unique environment lacking typical cellular resources, necessitating parasite adaptation.
  • Plasmodium species extensively remodel host RBCs via exported proteins, many linked to virulence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the parasite-synthesized export machinery in RBCs.
  • To discuss recent advancements in understanding how exported proteins are recognized by this machinery.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Plasmodium export mechanisms.
  • Analysis of protein export pathways and recognition signals.

Main Results:

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  • Plasmodium exports hundreds of proteins to modify RBCs.
  • Some exported proteins contribute to a novel RBC trafficking system that enhances further export.
  • Recognition mechanisms for different exported protein classes are being elucidated.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the Plasmodium export machinery is crucial for malaria pathogenesis research.
  • Identifying protein recognition by the export system offers potential therapeutic targets.