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Pathophysiological relevance of selenium.

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Selenium (Se) is vital for thyroid hormone synthesis and function. Research highlights its role in thyroid health, with ongoing studies investigating optimal supplementation and diagnostic markers for thyroid conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element crucial for synthesizing 50-70 selenoproteins, involving 25 human genes.
  • Selenocysteine, the 21st amino acid, is incorporated via a complex cotranslational mechanism.
  • Thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis, thyroid protection, and deiodinase activity critically depend on selenium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted role of selenium in thyroid hormone metabolism and thyroid gland health.
  • To evaluate the impact of altered selenium status on benign and malignant thyroid diseases.
  • To identify the need for further clinical trials and experimental studies on selenium supplementation and its effects.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on selenium's role in thyroid function and disease.
  • Analysis of data from selenium supplementation studies.
  • Consideration of findings from knockout and transgenic mouse models.
  • Inclusion of recent human genetic mutation studies impacting thyroid homeostasis.

Main Results:

  • Altered selenium status is linked to various thyroid conditions, including goiter and autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • Selenium supplementation studies show mixed but often beneficial effects on thyroid health.
  • Genetic mutations affecting selenoprotein biosynthesis can significantly impair thyroid hormone homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • Selenium is indispensable for thyroid hormone synthesis, activation, inactivation, and gland protection.
  • Further controlled clinical trials and experimental research are necessary to clarify the benefits of adequate or therapeutic selenium supply.
  • Development of diagnostic tests for selenium status and biomarkers for selenium action in the thyroid is required.