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Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

Divergence and Curl of Magnetic Field

Divergence and Curl of Magnetic Field

The magnetic field due to a volume current distribution given by the Biot–Savart Law can be expressed as follows:

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a constant velocity. Like the electric field, the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source point and the field point. However, unlike the electric field, the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the plane containing the line...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

DNA-magnetic Particle Binding Analysis by Dynamic and Electrophoretic Light Scattering

DNA-magnetic Particle Binding Analysis by Dynamic and Electrophoretic Light Scattering

Published on: November 9, 2017

Magnetic pair distribution function analysis of local magnetic correlations.

Benjamin A Frandsen¹, Xiaohao Yang², Simon J L Billinge²

¹Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.

Acta Crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and Advances

|January 15, 2014

Summary

Researchers derived the magnetic pair distribution function (mPDF) for analyzing magnetic correlations. This new function reveals short- and long-range magnetic order in real space using neutron scattering data.

Keywords:

local structure magnetic correlations magnetic pair distribution function magnetic short-range order magnetic structure neutron scattering pair distribution function

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Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Materials science
Neutron scattering

Background:

The atomic pair distribution function (PDF) is crucial for understanding atomic structure.
Characterizing magnetic correlations, especially short-range ones, remains challenging.
Neutron scattering is a powerful tool for probing magnetic structures.

Purpose of the Study:

To derive the analytical form of the magnetic pair distribution function (mPDF).
To establish mPDF as a tool for analyzing magnetic correlations in real space.
To demonstrate the utility of mPDF for various magnetic ordering scenarios.

Main Methods:

Computing the Fourier transform of the neutron scattering cross section.
Developing the analytical expression for the mPDF.
Evaluating the mPDF for model magnetic systems.

Main Results:

The analytical form of the mPDF was derived for the first time.
mPDF directly reveals both short-range and long-range magnetic correlations in real space.
The function is experimentally accessible and effective even for short-range magnetic order.

Conclusions:

The mPDF provides a direct real-space probe of magnetic correlations.
This method complements existing techniques for studying magnetism.
mPDF analysis is expected to advance the understanding of magnetic materials.