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Nipah virus infection: current scenario.

D D Kulkarni¹, C Tosh¹, G Venkatesh¹

¹High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bhopal, India.

Indian Journal of Virology : an Official Organ of Indian Virological Society

|January 16, 2014

Summary

Nipah virus (NiV) outbreaks have shifted from pig-to-human transmission to direct bat-to-human and human-to-human spread. Ecological changes and contaminated date palm sap are key factors in NiV emergence across Asia.

Keywords:

Encephalitis Fruit bats Henipavirus NiV Nipah virus Pigs

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Area of Science:

Veterinary Medicine
Epidemiology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Nipah virus (NiV) emergence in pigs and humans is linked to ecological shifts.
Malaysia experienced a significant NiV outbreak (1998-1999) involving pigs and humans, necessitating culling of over a million pigs.
NiV outbreaks in India (2001, 2007) and Bangladesh (2001-2013) showed altered transmission dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the changing epidemiology and transmission patterns of Nipah virus (NiV) outbreaks.
To identify the ecological factors and transmission routes associated with NiV emergence in different regions.
To highlight the shift in NiV transmission from intermediate hosts to direct zoonotic and human-to-human spread.

Main Methods:

Review of epidemiological data from NiV outbreaks in Malaysia, India, and Bangladesh.
Analysis of disease transmission patterns, including intermediate hosts and direct transmission routes.
Identification of environmental factors and human behaviors contributing to NiV outbreaks.

Main Results:

Initial NiV outbreaks involved pig-to-human transmission (Malaysia).
Subsequent outbreaks in India and Bangladesh demonstrated direct bat-to-human transmission, followed by human-to-human spread.
Consumption of raw date palm sap contaminated with infected fruit bat excreta is a primary cause of outbreaks in Bangladesh.
NiV is now known to be present in fruit bats across a wide geographical range in Asia and Africa.

Conclusions:

Nipah virus (NiV) transmission dynamics have evolved, with a decreased role of intermediate hosts like pigs.
Ecological changes and specific cultural practices, such as consuming contaminated date palm sap, facilitate NiV outbreaks.
The widespread presence of NiV in bat populations poses an ongoing public health risk, necessitating enhanced surveillance and control measures.