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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Rotator Cuff Repair Augmentation With an Autograft Biceps Patch, the "Biceps Smash," Results in Low Retear Rates at 6 Months and Promising Clinical Outcomes at 12 Months.

Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association·2026
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Characterizing clinical and nonclinical factors in extremely negative online reviews of orthopedic shoulder surgeons.

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Structural Augmentation in Rotator Cuff Repair Decreases the Risk of Retear: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

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Arthroscopic Biologic Preparation of the Posterior Glenoid Rim for Posterior Labral Repair: The Anterior-Superior Portal Provides the Optimal Angle of Attack.

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Advancement in Care Through Applied Translational and Clinical Research in Anterior Shoulder Instability: Military Contribution Over 25 Years: Kappa Delta Award.

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Younger Age, Female Sex, Low Income, and Poor Mental Health Are Patient-Perceived Risk Factors for Poor Access to Care for Rotator Cuff Tears.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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The Mature Athlete's Shoulder.

John M Tokish1

  • 1Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Sports Health
|January 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Mature athletes often experience shoulder issues like rotator cuff tears and osteoarthritis. Treatment strategies must consider age, as outcomes vary significantly for athletes under 50 versus older individuals.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Geriatric Athletics

Background:

  • Shoulder conditions like stiffness, rotator cuff tears, and osteoarthritis are common in mature athletes.
  • These conditions can worsen with age, impacting athletic participation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the management of common shoulder pathologies in mature athletes.
  • To highlight the impact of age on treatment outcomes and recommendations.

Main Methods:

  • A clinical review of literature from PubMed (1978-2013).
  • Evidence level rated as 3-4.

Main Results:

  • Rotator cuff pathology prevalence increases with age and activity.
  • Surgical repair is generally superior to debridement for partial tears.
Keywords:
adhesive capsulitisaging athleteaging shoulderglenohumeral arthritisrotator cuff

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  • Total shoulder arthroplasty shows good long-term survival for osteoarthritis, but caution is advised for patients under 60.
  • Adhesive capsulitis has a 90% success rate with nonoperative management.

    • Conclusions:

    • Mature athletes frequently present with rotator cuff pathology, osteoarthritis, and stiffness.
    • Age is a critical factor, necessitating tailored treatment and rehabilitation for athletes under 50 compared to those over 65.