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Bradycardia is a medical condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal. It occurs when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinus node, generates slower electrical impulses than the standard rhythm. In adults, bradycardia is diagnosed when the pulse rate falls below 60 beats per minute, indicating a deviation from the normal heart rate range.
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a primary health risk worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The condition arises from the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques within the coronary arteries, resulting in diminished blood supply to the heart muscle.The clinical manifestations of CAD vary widely, from asymptomatic stages to severe, life-threatening conditions. Understanding these manifestations is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management.Angina Pectoris: The Warning...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
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[A man in his eighties with recurrent syncope].

Sigurd Haakonsen, Per Anton Sirnes, Knut Gjesdal

    Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening : Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, Ny Raekke
    |January 17, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Sudden cardiac death occurred in an elderly male with recurrent syncope. Despite guidelines, delayed cardiac evaluation in syncope cases can be fatal, highlighting the need for prompt assessment.

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Clinical Medicine

    Background:

    • Syncope affects up to 50% of individuals, often benign.
    • Diagnosing life-threatening causes of syncope is critical.
    • Clinical practice sometimes deviates from established syncope guidelines.

    Observation:

    • An elderly male with diabetes, hypertension, and prior myocardial infarction presented with recurrent syncope.
    • Initial evaluation revealed normal findings, with a three-month delay before cardiology consultation.
    • The patient died at home before his scheduled cardiology appointment.

    Findings:

    • The 24-hour ECG revealed progressive ST depression, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia preceding ventricular fibrillation.
    • The fatal arrhythmia was captured retrospectively on the ECG recorder.

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  • This case underscores the potential for sudden cardiac death in patients with cardiac syncope.

    • Implications:

    • Patients presenting with syncope, especially those with cardiac risk factors, require immediate and thorough cardiac evaluation.
    • Adherence to syncope diagnostic guidelines is crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.
    • Prompt intervention in suspected cardiac syncope can be life-saving.