HuR and other turnover- and translation-regulatory RNA-binding proteins: implications for the kidney

The posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression occurs through cis RNA regulatory elements by the action of trans factors, which are represented by noncoding RNAs (especially microRNAs) and turnover- and translation-regulatory (TTR) RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). These multifactorial proteins are a group of heterogeneous RBPs primarily implicated in controlling the decay and translation rates of target mRNAs. TTR-RBPs usually shuttle between cellular compartments (the nucleus and cytoplasm) in response to various stimuli and undergo posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation or methylation to ensure their proper subcellular localization and function. TTR-RBPs are emerging as key regulators of a wide variety of genes influencing kidney physiology and pathology. This review summarizes the current knowledge of TTR-RBPs that influence renal metabolism. We will discuss the role of TTR-RBPs as regulators of kidney ischemia, fibrosis and matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, membrane transport, immunity, vascular tone, hypertension, and acid-base balance as well as anemia, bone mineral disease, and vascular calcification.