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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

fMRI Mapping of Brain Activity Associated with the Vocal Production of Consonant and Dissonant Intervals
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Affordances and the musically extended mind.

Joel Krueger1

  • 1Department of Sociology, Philosophy, and Anthropology, University of Exeter Amory Exeter, UK.

Frontiers in Psychology
|January 17, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Music extends the mind, enabling novel emotional experiences through "musicking." This process involves "musical affordances" that encourage entrainment, enhancing our capacity for complex emotions.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Philosophy of Mind
  • Music Psychology

Background:

  • The extended mind hypothesis suggests cognitive processes can extend beyond the brain.
  • Music's role in emotion is complex and not fully understood.
  • Existing models often overlook music's active role in shaping emotional experience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and defend a model of the musically extended mind.
  • To explore how
  • musicking
  • facilitates novel emotional experiences.
  • To integrate concepts of
  • musical affordances
  • and entrainment into emotional regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Philosophical argumentation.
Keywords:
affordancesemotion regulationemotionsextended cognitionmusicphenomenology

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  • Conceptual analysis of
  • musical affordances
  • and entrainment.
  • Synthesis of empirical research from cognitive science and psychology.

    • Main Results:

    • Musical affordances
    • are defined as environmental properties that invite specific forms of entrainment.
    • Entrainment, facilitated by musical affordances, enhances endogenous emotion-regulation processes.
    • This enhancement leads to emotional experiences with greater complexity and phenomenal character.

    Conclusions:

    • Music should be considered an integral part of the cognitive system for realizing certain emotional experiences.
    • The
    • musically extended mind
    • model offers a new framework for understanding music-emotion interactions.
    • Further empirical research can validate the proposed mechanisms of musical affordances and entrainment in emotional experience.