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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

30
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
26
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Hashimoto thyroiditis: clinical and diagnostic criteria.

P Caturegli1, A De Remigis2, N R Rose1

  • 1Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.

Autoimmunity Reviews
|January 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is the most common autoimmune disease, characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid. Diagnosis involves antibodies and ultrasound, with treatment focused on hormone replacement.

Keywords:
AutoimmunityHashimotoThyroiditis

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is the most prevalent autoimmune disease, historically recognized as a lymphoid goiter primarily affecting women.
  • The spectrum of HT now encompasses various clinico-pathologic entities, including fibrous, IgG4-related, juvenile, Hashitoxicosis, and painless thyroiditis.
  • Pathologically, all HT forms exhibit lymphocytic infiltration within the thyroid interstitium, leading to follicular cell changes like atrophy or Hürthle cell transformation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of Hashimoto thyroiditis, encompassing its diverse clinical presentations, pathological features, diagnostic criteria, and current management strategies.
  • To highlight the evolving understanding of HT as a complex autoimmune condition with a broad spectrum of manifestations.
  • To underscore the ongoing challenges in understanding HT pathogenesis and the need for novel therapeutic approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinico-pathologic entities associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis.
  • Analysis of diagnostic markers including circulating thyroid antibodies (anti-thyroperoxidase, anti-thyroglobulin) and thyroid sonography findings.
  • Summary of current treatment modalities, including symptomatic management with thyroid hormone replacement and surgical indications.

Main Results:

  • Hashimoto thyroiditis presents with varied clinical and pathological features, often progressing to hypothyroidism but can initially manifest as euthyroid or hyperthyroid states.
  • Diagnosis is established through serological evidence of thyroid autoantibodies and characteristic ultrasound findings.
  • Current treatment is primarily symptomatic, focusing on thyroid hormone replacement, with surgery reserved for specific complications.

Conclusions:

  • Hashimoto thyroiditis is a multifaceted autoimmune disorder with a wide range of presentations and a complex, not fully understood, pathogenesis.
  • Effective management relies on accurate diagnosis and symptomatic treatment, primarily thyroid hormone supplementation.
  • Further research is crucial for developing preventative strategies and novel treatments for this expanding disease.