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Next-generation Sequencing

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features....

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...

Sanger Sequencing

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...

RNA-seq

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases.
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while...

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...

Genome Annotation and Assembly

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach

Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach

Published on: November 5, 2019

Sequencing depth and coverage: key considerations in genomic analyses.

David Sims¹, Ian Sudbery¹, Nicholas E Ilott¹

¹Computational Genomics Analysis and Training Programme, Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.

Nature Reviews. Genetics

|January 18, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Optimizing sequencing depth is crucial for maximizing genomic analysis outcomes within budget constraints. This review examines coverage considerations for de novo sequencing, resequencing, transcriptome studies, and genomic location analyses.

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Last Updated: May 3, 2026

Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach

Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach

Published on: November 5, 2019

Metagenomic Analysis of Silage

Metagenomic Analysis of Silage

Published on: January 13, 2017

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: July 28, 2017

Area of Science:

Genomics
Bioinformatics

Background:

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies enable diverse genomic analyses.
Sequencing costs limit the scale and biological insights achievable from experiments.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss the critical role of sequencing depth in NGS experimental design.
To review current guidelines and considerations for sequencing coverage.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing guidelines and precedents.
Analysis of coverage requirements for four major study types.

Main Results:

Coverage considerations vary significantly across different genomic study designs.
Guidelines for de novo genome sequencing, genome resequencing, transcriptome sequencing, and genomic location analyses (ChIP-seq, 3C) are presented.

Conclusions:

Strategic planning of sequencing depth is essential for cost-effective and impactful genomic research.
Understanding coverage needs optimizes experimental design and maximizes biological discovery.