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Related Concept Videos

Photosystem II01:22

Photosystem II

59.9K
The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
The pigment molecules are arranged across  two photosystem domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment...
59.9K
Photosystem I01:27

Photosystem I

52.8K
Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
Both these photosystems work in concert. An excited electron from PSII is relayed to PSI via an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, which is comprised of the carrier molecule plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As electrons move between PSII and PSI, they lose energy and must be re-energized...
52.8K
Photosystems01:32

Photosystems

7.0K
Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in the membrane of tiny sac-like structures called thylakoids placed inside the chloroplast.
Functioning of Photosystems
Photosystems contain many pigment molecules, such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, arranged in a particular organization across two domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment...
7.0K
The Photochemical Reaction Center01:29

The Photochemical Reaction Center

4.4K
Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center is a more appropriate term that describes these complexes. The Nobel laureates Robert Emerson and William Arnold provided the first experimental evidence of photochemical reaction centers by demonstrating the participation of nearly 2,500 chlorophyll molecules for the release of just one molecule of oxygen. Despite thousands of photosynthetic...
4.4K
Oxygenic Photosynthesis01:26

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

994
Oxygenic photosynthesis is a fundamental process in which light energy is harnessed to drive the oxidation of water, leading to the production of molecular oxygen (O₂), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This process is essential for sustaining aerobic life on Earth and is primarily carried out by cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. The core of oxygenic photosynthesis lies in the thylakoid membranes, where chlorophyll pigments facilitate...
994
The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis01:34

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

12.6K
The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...
12.6K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Purification of Active Photosystem I-Light Harvesting Complex I from Plant Tissues
07:10

Purification of Active Photosystem I-Light Harvesting Complex I from Plant Tissues

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Tetranitromethane modification of photosystem 2.

C Walczak1, S Kumar, J T Warden

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 12180-3590, Troy, NY, USA.

Photosynthesis Research
|January 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Tetranitromethane inhibits photosystem 2 (PS2) by modifying multiple sites. This peptide-modification reagent disrupts electron transfer and charge stabilization within the PS2 reaction center, impacting photosynthesis.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Photosynthesis research
  • Plant molecular biology

Background:

  • Photosystem 2 (PS2) is crucial for light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis.
  • Understanding PS2 inhibition mechanisms is key to elucidating photosynthetic processes.
  • Peptide-modification reagents offer tools to probe protein function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the inhibitory effects of tetranitromethane on photosystem 2.
  • To identify the specific sites and mechanisms of tetranitromethane action in PS2.
  • To assess the impact of tetranitromethane on electron transfer and charge stabilization in PS2.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized spinach digitonin particles for PS2 isolation.
  • Measured initial fluorescence yield and variable fluorescence components.

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Separation of Spinach Thylakoid Protein Complexes by Native Green Gel Electrophoresis and Band Characterization using Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting

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Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light
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Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 3, 2026

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Purification of Active Photosystem I-Light Harvesting Complex I from Plant Tissues

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Separation of Spinach Thylakoid Protein Complexes by Native Green Gel Electrophoresis and Band Characterization using Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting
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Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light
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  • Monitored optical absorption transients at 820 nm (P680+).
  • Assessed diphenylcarbazide-supported photoreduction of dichlorophenol indophenol.
  • Analyzed electron spin resonance (ESR) signals (Signal 2f and 2s).

    • Main Results:

    • Tetranitromethane suppressed initial fluorescence and eliminated variable fluorescence.
    • Optical absorption transients at 820 nm (P680+) were significantly attenuated.
    • Diphenylcarbazide-supported photoreduction of dichlorophenol indophenol was abolished.
    • Electron spin resonance Signals 2f and 2s were eliminated.
    • Evidence suggests multiple modification sites for tetranitromethane in PS2.

    Conclusions:

    • Tetranitromethane acts as an inhibitor of photosystem 2.
    • The reagent likely modifies multiple sites within the PS2 complex.
    • Tetranitromethane appears to inhibit charge stabilization in the PS2 reaction center.
    • This study provides insights into PS2 reaction mechanisms and inhibition.