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Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

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The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
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Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Allergic Rhinitis Research with Multicolor Immunofluorescence
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Rhinosinusitis.

Alexi DeCastro1, Lisa Mims2, William J Hueston3

  • 1Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 5 Charleston Center, Suite 263, MSC 192, Charleston, SC 29415-0192, USA; Department of Family Medicine, MUSC Family Medicine Center, 560 Ellis Oaks Drive, Charleston, SC 29425-0192, USA.

Primary Care
|January 21, 2014
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Summary

Bacterial sinusitis treatment involves amoxicillin-clavulanate, with alternatives for penicillin allergies. Persistent symptoms may indicate chronic sinusitis requiring further intervention, while severe symptoms suggest fungal sinusitis needing urgent care.

Keywords:
Diagnostic criteriaImagingRhinosinusitisTerminologyTreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Sinusitis presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to inconsistent guidelines.
  • Bacterial sinusitis is common, but differentiating it from other forms requires careful evaluation.
  • Controversy exists regarding optimal imaging and treatment strategies for sinusitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify diagnostic criteria for sinusitis.
  • To outline appropriate treatment guidelines for bacterial, chronic, and fungal sinusitis.
  • To emphasize the importance of timely referral for complex cases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical practice guidelines for sinusitis.
  • Analysis of treatment protocols based on sinusitis type and severity.
  • Emphasis on clinical presentation for diagnosis and management decisions.

Main Results:

  • Amoxicillin-clavulanate is the recommended first-line antibiotic for bacterial sinusitis.
  • Doxycycline or respiratory fluoroquinolones are alternatives for penicillin-allergic patients.
  • Failure to respond to antibiotics suggests chronic sinusitis, potentially needing surgery and otolaryngologist referral.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective sinusitis management.
  • Prompt recognition of severe symptoms is vital for identifying emergent conditions like fungal sinusitis.
  • Otolaryngologist consultation is recommended for refractory or severe sinusitis cases.