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Updated: May 3, 2026

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Published on: October 20, 2017
Josa M Frischer1, Brigitte Gatterbauer1, Sabrina Holzer1
1Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Microsurgery and Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) are effective for brainstem cavernous malformations (BSCMs). Both treatments reduce bleeding and improve patient outcomes, with careful patient selection being key for optimal results.
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