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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...
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Mechanism of Filopodia Formation01:39

Mechanism of Filopodia Formation

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Filopodia are thin, actin-rich cellular protrusions that play an important role in many fundamental cellular functions. They vary in their occurrence, length, and positioning in different cell types, suggesting their diverse roles.
Their main function is to guide migrating cells during normal tissue morphogenesis or cancer metastasis by recognizing and making initial contacts with the extracellular matrix. However, they can also act as stationary cell anchors or help to establish communication...
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation

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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes
07:26

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes

Published on: October 15, 2016

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Counterion-mediated cluster formation by polyphosphoinositides.

Yu-Hsiu Wang1, David R Slochower2, Paul A Janmey3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Chemistry and Physics of Lipids
|January 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polyphosphoinositides (PPI), especially PI(4,5)P2, are highly charged membrane molecules crucial for cell signaling. Their interactions with proteins depend on physical state and distribution, with Ca(2+) uniquely inducing nanoclusters.

Keywords:
Ca(2+)DiffusivityElectrostatic interactionsMD simulationPIP(2)PIP(2) clustering

More Related Videos

Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry

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PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions
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PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 3, 2026

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes
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Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes

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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry

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PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions
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PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions

Published on: July 27, 2017

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Polyphosphoinositides (PPI), particularly PI(4,5)P2, are highly charged membrane lipids involved in cellular signaling.
  • Their interactions with polybasic proteins are critical for cellular processes and depend on PI(4,5)P2's physical state and distribution.
  • Understanding these interactions requires knowledge of PI(4,5)P2's electrostatic properties and phase behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent experimental and computational advancements in understanding the physical chemistry of PI(4,5)P2.
  • To explore the interactions of PI(4,5)P2 with various counterions, focusing on divalent cations like Ca(2+).
  • To elucidate the mechanisms behind PI(4,5)P2 clustering and its physiological relevance.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental studies (spectroscopy, super-resolution microscopy) and computational simulations (molecular dynamics).
  • Analysis of pH-dependent changes in headgroup ionization and area per molecule.
  • Development and application of electrostatic models to predict counterion-induced clustering.

Main Results:

  • Ca(2+) uniquely induces nanometer-scale clusters of PI(4,5)P2 in model and biological membranes.
  • Electrostatic models can predict Ca(2+)-driven clustering but struggle to differentiate between Ca(2+) and Mg(2+).
  • Divalent cation and polyamine interactions with PI(4,5)P2 are complex and not solely charge-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • PI(4,5)P2 clustering is a significant phenomenon influenced by multivalent counterions, particularly Ca(2+).
  • The precise mechanisms of PI(4,5)P2 nanocluster formation in cells require further investigation.
  • The unique electrostatic properties of PI(4,5)P2 and its interactions with counterions likely hold significant physiological importance.