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Correction: Ryan Murphy et al. Investigating the Effect of Wire Drawing and Heat Treatment on the Response of Ni<sub>50.9</sub>Ti<sub>49.1</sub> R-Phase Actuators. <i>Materials</i> 2025, <i>18</i>, 4931.

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Updated: May 3, 2026

Distinctive Capillary Action by Micro-channels in Bone-like Templates can Enhance Recruitment of Cells for Restoration of Large Bony Defect
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Permeability of rapid prototyped artificial bone scaffold structures.

Marcin Lipowiecki1, Markéta Ryvolová, Ákos Töttösi

  • 1School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland; Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A
|January 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Micro-stereolithography (µ-SLA) and 3D printing (3DP) create bone scaffolds. Permeability depends on pore size, porosity, and fluid viscosity, with higher viscosity significantly increasing flow.

Keywords:
permeabilityrapid prototypingsynthetic scaffoldtissue engineeringtrabecular bone

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Medical Device Manufacturing

Background:

  • Bone scaffolds are crucial for bone regeneration.
  • Rapid prototyping techniques like micro-stereolithography (µ-SLA) and 3D printing (3DP) offer customizable scaffold fabrication.
  • Understanding scaffold permeability is vital for nutrient transport and waste removal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare µ-SLA and 3DP for bone scaffold production.
  • To investigate the factors influencing scaffold permeability.
  • To develop a predictive model for scaffold permeability.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of 3D bone scaffolds using µ-SLA and 3DP.
  • Experimental evaluation of scaffold permeability with varying porosity, pore size, and pore geometry.
  • Numerical simulation of permeability using a modified Kozeny-Carman equation.
  • Testing with fluids of different viscosities (1 mPa·s and 3.6 mPa·s).

Main Results:

  • µ-SLA offers superior resolution and accuracy compared to 3DP.
  • Scaffold permeability is significantly influenced by pore size, porosity percentage, and fluid viscosity.
  • Higher porosity and larger pore sizes increase permeability.
  • Increased fluid viscosity (2.2-3.3 times higher than water) substantially enhances permeability, independent of pore geometry.

Conclusions:

  • µ-SLA is advantageous for producing bone scaffolds with high precision.
  • Scaffold design parameters (porosity, pore size) and fluid viscosity are critical for optimizing permeability.
  • Patient-specific blood viscosity variations must be considered for effective in-vivo scaffold performance.