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Related Concept Videos

Photosystems01:32

Photosystems

7.0K
Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in the membrane of tiny sac-like structures called thylakoids placed inside the chloroplast.
Functioning of Photosystems
Photosystems contain many pigment molecules, such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, arranged in a particular organization across two domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment...
7.0K
Photosystem II01:22

Photosystem II

59.9K
The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
The pigment molecules are arranged across  two photosystem domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment...
59.9K
Photosystem I01:27

Photosystem I

52.8K
Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
Both these photosystems work in concert. An excited electron from PSII is relayed to PSI via an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, which is comprised of the carrier molecule plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As electrons move between PSII and PSI, they lose energy and must be re-energized...
52.8K
The Photochemical Reaction Center01:29

The Photochemical Reaction Center

4.4K
Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center is a more appropriate term that describes these complexes. The Nobel laureates Robert Emerson and William Arnold provided the first experimental evidence of photochemical reaction centers by demonstrating the participation of nearly 2,500 chlorophyll molecules for the release of just one molecule of oxygen. Despite thousands of photosynthetic...
4.4K
Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:07

Anatomy of Chloroplasts

98.4K
Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor chloroplasts—the vital organelles where photosynthesis takes place. In plants, the highest density of chloroplasts is found in the mesophyll cells of leaves.
98.4K
The Antenna Complex01:15

The Antenna Complex

6.9K
Plants and other photosynthetic organisms comprise pigments capable of absorption of direct sunlight. These pigments are present in the reaction center - the main site of photochemical reactions as well as in the antenna complex. Under average light conditions, the rate at which reaction center pigments absorb light is far below the electron transport chain's capacity. As a result, the reaction center alone cannot provide enough energy to drive photosynthesis. The photosynthetic efficiency can...
6.9K

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Observation of enhancement and state transitions in isolated intact chloroplasts.

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Observation and characterisation of a transient in the yield of chlorophyll fluorescence in intact spinach chloroplasts.

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Characterisation of the effects of Antimycin A upon high energy state quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (qE) in spinach and pea chloroplasts.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Purification of Active Photosystem I-Light Harvesting Complex I from Plant Tissues
07:10

Purification of Active Photosystem I-Light Harvesting Complex I from Plant Tissues

Published on: February 3, 2023

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Heterogeneity in chloroplast photosystem II.

M T Black1, T H Brearley, P Horton

  • 1Research Institute for Photosynthesis, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, Sheffield, UK.

Photosynthesis Research
|January 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Photosystem II (PSII) in plants is not uniform. This review proposes a model where the non-quinone electron acceptor is linked to the PSIIß sub-population, explaining PSII heterogeneity.

Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Chloroplast research
  • Photosynthesis mechanisms

Background:

  • Photosystem II (PSII) is crucial for photosynthesis in plants and algae.
  • Evidence suggests PSII exists as distinct sub-populations, indicating heterogeneity.
  • Understanding PSII heterogeneity is key to elucidating photosynthetic efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on Photosystem II heterogeneity.
  • To propose a model explaining the observed heterogeneity in PSII.
  • To investigate the association of the non-quinone electron acceptor with specific PSII sub-populations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing data on PSII.
  • Development of a theoretical model for PSII heterogeneity.

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A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry
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A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

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Separation of Spinach Thylakoid Protein Complexes by Native Green Gel Electrophoresis and Band Characterization using Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting
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Separation of Spinach Thylakoid Protein Complexes by Native Green Gel Electrophoresis and Band Characterization using Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 3, 2026

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Purification of Active Photosystem I-Light Harvesting Complex I from Plant Tissues

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A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry
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  • Analysis of data supporting the proposed model.

    • Main Results:

    • Photosystem II (PSII) is not a homogeneous entity in higher plants and green algae.
    • A model is presented that is consistent with a significant body of PSII research.
    • The non-quinone electron acceptor of PSII is preferentially associated with the PSIIß sub-population.

    Conclusions:

    • PSII heterogeneity is a significant feature of plant photosynthesis.
    • The proposed model provides a framework for understanding PSII sub-populations.
    • The preferential association of the non-quinone acceptor with PSIIß offers insights into electron transport regulation.