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Related Concept Videos

SBAR I: Understanding the Concept01:29

SBAR I: Understanding the Concept

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Effective communication among healthcare professionals during hand-off reporting is essential to delivering safe and continuous patient care. Common professional interactions include reports to healthcare team members, hand-off, and transfer reports. Nurses routinely report information to other healthcare team members and also urgently contact healthcare providers to report changes in patient status.
Standardized methods of communication have been developed to ensure that information is...
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SBAR II: Application of SBAR01:14

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SBAR is an effective communication tool used by healthcare professionals to communicate patient information accurately. SBAR stands for Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation. For a better understanding, an example is given below.
SBAR Report from a Nurse to a Health Care Provider
S: "Hello, Dr. Smith. This is Jane, RN, from the Med Surg unit. I am calling to tell you about Ms. White in Room 210, who is experiencing increased pain and redness at her incision site. Her recent...
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Study Design in Statistics01:15

Study Design in Statistics

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A study design is a set of techniques that allow a researcher to collect and analyze data from different variables defined for a specific research problem. Statistics is commonly for effective study design and more robust experiments,
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Design Example: Measuring Distance Between Two Points with Obstructions01:10

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When measuring distances in areas with physical obstructions, such as a lake in a field, surveyors must employ techniques to calculate accurate lengths without direct line measurements. One effective method is the offset technique, which allows for precise distance estimation over inaccessible stretches.In this scenario, a surveyor must measure a side of an area that crosses a lake. Since the measuring tape cannot span the lake, the surveyor begins by establishing a baseline that aligns with...
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Differential Leveling01:12

Differential Leveling

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Differential leveling is a precise method in surveying used to determine the elevation difference between two points. Its primary goal is to establish accurate vertical measurements to create level surfaces or grade lines critical for designing and constructing infrastructures such as roads, bridges, and buildings.The procedure for differential leveling begins with setting up and leveling the instrument at a point where the benchmark can be seen. The level rod is held on the benchmark (BM), and...
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Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment01:19

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

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Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...
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NASBOD 2013: design, definitions, and metrics.

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  • 1Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. f-farzadfar@tums.ac.ir.

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This study provides updated evidence on the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in Iran from 1990-2013. Findings will inform national and subnational health policies to address health gaps and inequalities.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Health Policy

Background:

  • Iran is undergoing significant demographic and health transitions.
  • Updated evidence is crucial for effective national and subnational health policies.
  • The National and Subnational Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (NASBOD) Study addresses this need.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain the study's rationale, design, metrics, and data challenges.
  • To provide updated evidence on the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in Iran.
  • To inform evidence-based health policy and planning.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized comprehensive data sources (published, unpublished, registries, surveys) from 1990-2013.
  • Employed advanced statistical imputation methods (Bayesian, Spatio-Temporal) and an Ensemble Model.
  • Estimated burden using prevalence, deaths, YLL, YLD, and DALY metrics, with PAF for risk factors.

Main Results:

  • Estimates of disease, injury, and risk factor burden trends at national and subnational levels (1990-2013).
  • Quantification of prevalence, deaths, YLL, YLD, and DALYs.
  • Calculation of Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) for risk factors.

Conclusions:

  • Study results will highlight health disparities across Iranian provinces.
  • Findings will support targeted policy interventions to reduce health inequalities.
  • Provides a comprehensive evidence base for future health planning in Iran.