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Related Concept Videos

The Citric Acid Cycle: Output01:28

The Citric Acid Cycle: Output

8.8K
The citric acid cycle is termed an amphibolic pathway as it operates both anabolically and catabolically. The cyclic reactions balance the flux of the substrates to provide an optimal concentration of NADH and ATP to the cell.
Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is regulated in several ways, including feedback inhibition, regulation of enzyme activities, and associated anaplerotic or cataplerotic pathways.
The primary substrate of the TCA cycle—acetyl CoA—is...
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The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview01:37

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview

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In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
The citric...
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The Citric Acid Cycle02:36

The Citric Acid Cycle

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The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.
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Products of the Citric Acid Cycle00:53

Products of the Citric Acid Cycle

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The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
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Respiration Pathways01:26

Respiration Pathways

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Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
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Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism01:28

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism

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Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called beta-oxidation, which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts their fatty acid chains into two-carbon units of acetyl groups. The acetyl...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids
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Citrate--new functions for an old metabolite.

Vito Iacobazzi, Vittoria Infantino

    Biological Chemistry
    |January 22, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Citrate, vital for energy, has emerging roles beyond metabolism. Monitoring its levels may offer new diagnostic insights for various diseases.

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Cellular Metabolism
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Citrate is a key intermediate in cellular energy metabolism, produced in mitochondria.
    • It participates in the Krebs cycle and can be transported to the cytoplasm via the citrate carrier (CIC).
    • Beyond energy production, citrate and its derivatives are involved in diverse cellular functions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the non-classical roles of citrate in biological processes.
    • To highlight recent findings on citrate's involvement in inflammation, cancer, and neurological disorders.
    • To explore the potential of citrate level monitoring as a diagnostic tool.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of recent scientific studies.
    • Synthesis of data on citrate's diverse functions.

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  • Analysis of emerging roles in pathology and diagnostics.

    • Main Results:

    • Citrate plays significant roles in inflammation, cancer, insulin secretion, histone acetylation, neurological disorders, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
    • These functions extend beyond its established role in cellular energy metabolism.
    • Changes in citrate levels show potential as biomarkers.

    Conclusions:

    • Citrate exhibits multifaceted functions extending beyond its metabolic role.
    • Emerging evidence supports citrate's involvement in various pathological conditions.
    • Monitoring citrate levels presents a promising avenue for disease diagnostics.