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Related Concept Videos

Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the...
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells01:19

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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Updated: May 3, 2026

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma
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Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma

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Bone environment is essential for osteosarcoma development from transformed mesenchymal stem cells.

Ruth Rubio1, Ander Abarrategi, Javier Garcia-Castro

  • 1GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Government, Granada, Spain.

Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio)
|January 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Bone microenvironment signals are essential for osteosarcoma development. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) lacking p53 and RB, when exposed to bone factors like BMP-2, form metastatic osteosarcoma.

Keywords:
BoneBone morphogenetic protein-2Mesenchymal stem cellsOsteosarcomaRbTumoral microenvironmentWNT signalingp53

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Intratibial Osteosarcoma Cell Injection to Generate Orthotopic Osteosarcoma and Lung Metastasis Mouse Models
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Intratibial Osteosarcoma Cell Injection to Generate Orthotopic Osteosarcoma and Lung Metastasis Mouse Models

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Biomaterials Science

Background:

  • Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) lacking tumor suppressors p53 and RB can form leiomyosarcoma.
  • The role of the bone microenvironment in driving osteosarcoma (OS) development from MSCs is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the contribution of bone microenvironment factors in inducing osteosarcoma (OS) from p53/RB-deficient mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs).
  • To determine the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and calcified substrates on OS development.

Main Methods:

  • Intrabone or periosteal inoculation of p53(-/-)RB(-/-) MSCs in mice.
  • Analysis of osteogenic marker expression in MSCs treated with BMP-2.
  • Subcutaneous coinfusion of MSCs with BMP-2.
  • Inoculation of MSCs embedded in hydroxyapatite/tricalciumphosphate (HA/TCP) scaffolds, with or without BMP-2.

Main Results:

  • Intrabone/periosteal inoculation of p53(-/-)RB(-/-) MSCs induced metastatic osteoblastic osteosarcoma (OS).
  • BMP-2 upregulated osteogenic markers in MSCs via WNT signaling.
  • Co-infusion with BMP-2 or embedding in HA/TCP scaffolds promoted tumoral osteoid formation.
  • BMP-2 enhanced osteoid matrix production in ceramic/MSC implants.

Conclusions:

  • Bone microenvironment signals, including BMP-2 and calcified substrates, are crucial for driving osteosarcoma (OS) development from p53/RB-deficient MSCs.
  • The interplay between MSCs and bone-specific factors can transform these cells into OS-forming cells.