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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
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Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

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Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Generation of Local CA1 γ Oscillations by Tetanic Stimulation
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Cyclooxygenase-2 in epilepsy.

Asheebo Rojas1, Jianxiong Jiang, Thota Ganesh

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.

Epilepsia
|January 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Epilepsy affects 50 million globally, often involving brain inflammation. While cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors show promise for epilepsy treatment, their effectiveness varies with administration timing and lacks clear therapeutic outcomes.

Keywords:
AnticonvulsantBlood-brain barrierCognitive deficitEP1EP2NeurodegenerationProstaglandinSeizure

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Inflammation Research

Background:

  • Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological disorder affecting 50 million worldwide, characterized by recurrent seizures and often associated with brain inflammation.
  • Seizures can increase inflammatory mediators like cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), potentially causing secondary brain damage and increasing seizure frequency.
  • Elevated COX-2 levels in specific brain regions can indicate seizure-induced inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of COX-2 inhibition as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.
  • To evaluate the role of COX-2 in seizure-induced brain inflammation and its impact on cognitive and somatosensory functions.
  • To assess the therapeutic efficacy and limitations of COX-2 inhibitors in epilepsy treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on epilepsy, neuroinflammation, and COX-2 inhibitors.
  • Analysis of studies investigating COX-2 expression in epileptic brain tissue.
  • Examination of data from epilepsy animal models treated with COX-2 inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • COX-2 is rapidly induced during seizures and its increased expression correlates with seizure-induced brain inflammation.
  • COX-2 inhibition has been explored as a therapeutic strategy, but its effectiveness in epilepsy models is dependent on the timing of administration.
  • Despite extensive research, a selective and potent COX-2 inhibitor with clear therapeutic benefits and acceptable side effects for epilepsy has not yet been identified.

Conclusions:

  • COX-2 plays a significant role in seizure-induced neuroinflammation, making it a potential therapeutic target for epilepsy.
  • The therapeutic application of COX-2 inhibitors in epilepsy is complex, with timing of administration being a critical factor.
  • Further research is needed to develop effective and safe COX-2 inhibitors for managing epilepsy and related neurodegenerative conditions.