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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Magnetic Fields

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A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Magnetic-field-induced orientational phase structure transition.

Yingying Dou1, Shuli Dong, Jingcheng Hao

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Magnetic fields induce rapid phase transitions in C14G2/C12EO4/D2O systems, shifting from lamellar to isotropic phases. These field-induced phases are reversible, offering insights into controlled drug delivery systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Amphiphilic molecules self-assemble into various phases like lamellar and isotropic.
  • Phase transitions in these systems are crucial for applications such as drug delivery.
  • External stimuli, like magnetic fields, can potentially control these phase behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of magnetic fields on the phase behavior of C14G2 (N-tetradecyllactobionamide)/C12EO4 (tetraethylene glycol monododecyl ether)/D2O systems at high temperatures.
  • To elucidate the mechanism behind magnetic field-induced phase transitions and their reversibility.
  • To identify the key components responsible for the observed magnetic field effects.

Main Methods:

  • (2)H NMR spectroscopy to monitor phase changes.
  • Cryo-field-emission transmission electron microscopy (FF-TEM) for structural analysis.
  • High-temperature thermostatting to study phase recovery.

Main Results:

  • A magnetic field induced a rapid transition from a lamellar phase to isotropic micellar (L1) and sponge (L3) phases at temperatures above 50 °C.
  • The magnetic field-induced isotropic phases were metastable and recovered to the lamellar phase upon removal from the field.
  • C12EO4 was identified as the primary driver of the magnetic field-induced transition, while C14G2 influenced the transition speed.
  • Hydrogen bond dynamics and surfactant concentration affected the kinetics of phase transition and recovery.

Conclusions:

  • Magnetic fields can reversibly control phase transitions in specific amphiphilic systems.
  • The findings provide a fundamental understanding of magnetic field-responsive soft matter.
  • Potential applications in magnetically controlled drug delivery systems utilizing bilayer membranes are suggested.