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Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

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A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
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Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

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Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins...
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Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

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Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component...
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Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

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A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

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A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
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Hemicrania continua.

Robert W Charlson1, Matthew S Robbins

  • 1Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 210th Street, NW1, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA, rcharlso@montefiore.org.

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
|January 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hemicrania continua is a continuous headache disorder causing disability. Research reveals brain pathway activations and highlights the need for new treatments beyond indomethacin.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Headache Medicine

Background:

  • Hemicrania continua is a recognized primary headache disorder.
  • It is characterized by continuous, unilateral, side-locked headaches with autonomic symptoms and indomethacin responsiveness.
  • Despite established features, classification and diagnostic controversies persist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of hemicrania continua.
  • To explore recent neuroimaging findings.
  • To discuss diagnostic challenges and treatment needs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical case series.
  • Analysis of recent neuroimaging research.
  • Synthesis of diagnostic and treatment literature.

Main Results:

  • Hemicrania continua presents with continuous unilateral headaches, often with exacerbations and autonomic symptoms.
  • Neuroimaging shows activation in the contralateral posterior hypothalamus and ipsilateral dorsal rostral pons.
  • A significant delay in diagnosis and treatment is common, despite indomethacin efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Hemicrania continua requires accurate diagnosis and timely treatment.
  • Understanding neurobiological pathways offers new insights.
  • Development of alternative treatments is crucial due to long-term indomethacin risks.