Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 3, 2026

Description of a Swine Infant Model of Volume-Controlled Hemorrhagic Shock
Published on: November 3, 2023
Hypertonic HBOC-201 decreases neutrophil activation after hemorrhagic shock
Fernando A Rivera-Chávez1, Amanda Lu, Ming-Mei Liu
1Division of Burn/Trauma/Critical Care, UT Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas , USA.
Objective:
To evaluate neutrophil activation after exposure to standard HBC-201 (suspended in lactate Ringer's solution) versus HBOC-201 suspended in hypertonic 7.5% saline solution.
Methods:
We use plasma and tissue obtained from pigs subjected to controlled hemorrhagic shock and an ex vivo model of stimulated human whole blood. The pigs were resuscitated with the following (n = 8 per group) standard HBOC-201, or hypertonic HBOC-201. We used HTS 7.5%, Ringer's lactate as control resuscitation. Human blood was stimulated with same fluids. We measured the following neutrophil markers; IL-8, H2O2 in pig plasma, MPO in pig tissue, and H2O2, IL-8, and CD11b/CD18 in human whole blood.
Results:
H2O2 and IL-8 as well as tissue MPO were significantly decreased in pigs resuscitated with HT-HBOC-201 and HT 7.5%. Ex vivo experiments blood diluted with HTS and HT-HBOC-201 revealed lower expression of CD11b/CD18, H2O2, and IL-8. Blood diluted with HBOC-201 had a higher CD11b/CD18 expression than blood diluted with LR solution.
Conclusion:
Our in vivo and ex vivo experiments indicate that HBOC-201 suspended in hypertonic 7.5% saline solution is associated with significantly less neutrophil activation when compared to standard HBOC-201 suspended in lactate Ringer's solution.
Related Concept Videos
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology
Blood Pressure Imbalances and Circulatory Shock
Blood Pressure: Hypertension and Hypotension
Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Elevated blood pressure is 120-129/under 80 mm Hg. Hypertension, warranting treatment at 130/80 mm Hg, is often asymptomatic and can lead to severe cardiovascular events, aneurysms, peripheral arterial disease, chronic renal disease, or cardiac...
Introduction to Hemostasis
The three phases of hemostasis involve many clotting factors present in plasma and several substances released by platelets and injured tissue cells. It is a fast, localized,...
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, catecholamines that enhance and extend the sympathetic or "fight or flight" physiological response. These hormones escalate heart rate and the force of contraction...

