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Related Concept Videos

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Introduction to Urinary System01:13

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The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal space, on either side of the vertebral column, between the T12 and L3 vertebrae. They are partially protected by the rib cage and surrounded by perirenal fat, which provides cushioning. They are responsible for urine formation and play critical roles in regulating blood pressure, electrolyte levels, and hormone production. The ureters...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
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However, the intercalated cells in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli
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Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli

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Kidney and calcium homeostasis.

Un Sil Jeon1

  • 1POSTECH Biotech Center, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea.

Electrolyte & Blood Pressure : E & BP
|January 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The kidneys precisely regulate plasma calcium levels through tubular reabsorption. New research highlights klotho and FGF23 as key regulators of calcium balance and vitamin D metabolism.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Plasma calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated by hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25(OH)2D3.
  • The kidneys are crucial for calcium balance, reabsorbing over 95% of filtered calcium.
  • Specific ion channels and transporters in renal tubules mediate calcium reabsorption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the detailed mechanisms of renal calcium reabsorption.
  • To investigate the roles of novel factors, klotho and FGF23, in calcium homeostasis.
  • To understand how these factors interact with existing regulatory pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established knowledge on renal calcium transport pathways.
  • Analysis of the expression and function of key proteins like TRPV5, TRPV6, calbindin-D28K, and NCX1.
Keywords:
TRPV cation channelsfibroblast growth factor 23kidneyklotho

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  • Integration of recent findings on klotho and FGF23 signaling in kidney physiology.

    • Main Results:

    • Passive reabsorption occurs in proximal tubules; active, regulated reabsorption in distal tubules involves TRPV5/6, calbindin-D28K, and NCX1.
    • Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in the thick ascending limb regulates calcium reabsorption independently of PTH.
    • Klotho enhances calcium reabsorption by promoting TRPV5 trafficking and modulates FGF23 signaling.
    • FGF23, in complex with klotho, inhibits vitamin D 1α-hydroxylase, impacting calcium and phosphate balance.

    Conclusions:

    • Renal calcium reabsorption is a complex process involving multiple regulated steps and transporters.
    • Klotho and FGF23 represent significant new players in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, interacting with vitamin D metabolism.
    • Understanding these intricate mechanisms is vital for managing calcium-related disorders.