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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

17.0K
Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order...
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Chromatin Packaging01:32

Chromatin Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
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Deciphering Molecular Mechanism of Histone Assembly by DNA Curtain Technique
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Assembling chromatin: the long and winding road.

Anthony T Annunziato

    Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
    |January 25, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    This commentary reviews the historical research into chromatin assembly, focusing on nucleosomes and histone chaperones. It examines how these fundamental units are built on DNA during replication and other processes.

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Epigenetics
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • The "chromatin subunit" hypothesis, identifying nucleosomes as chromatin fiber units, was accepted over 35 years ago.
    • Research has since focused on chromatin assembly processes and the role of histone chaperones in delivering histones to DNA.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a historical perspective on research into nucleosome assembly.
    • To examine the mechanisms of nucleosome formation on both replicating and non-replicating chromatin.

    Main Methods:

    • Historical review of scientific literature.
    • Analysis of key findings in chromatin assembly research.

    Main Results:

    • The field has evolved significantly since the "chromatin subunit" hypothesis.

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  • Understanding of histone chaperones and their role in nucleosome formation has advanced.

    • Conclusions:

    • Nucleosome assembly is a complex process crucial for genome function.
    • Continued research into histone chaperones and chromatin dynamics is essential for understanding gene regulation.